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<title>Tomb of Orcus</title>

Tomb of Orcus

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the moon also designated Orcus I, see <a href="Vanth_(moon)" title="Vanth (moon)">Vanth (moon)</a>.</div>

The Tomb of Orcus (<a href="Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: Tomba dell'Orco), sometimes called the Tomb of Murina (<a href="Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: Tomba dei Murina), is a 4th-century BC <a href="Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan</a> <a href="Hypogeum" title="Hypogeum">hypogeum</a> (burial chamber) in <a href="Tarquinia" title="Tarquinia">Tarquinia</a>, <a href="Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>. Discovered in 1868, it displays <a href="Hellenistic_art" title="Hellenistic art">Hellenistic</a> influences in its remarkable <a href="Mural" title="Mural">murals</a>, which include the portrait of Velia Velcha, an <a href="Etruscan_society" title="Etruscan society">Etruscan noblewoman</a>, and the only known pictorial representation of the daemon <a href="Tuchulcha" title="Tuchulcha">Tuchulcha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-grumm-1">[1]</a> In general, the murals are noted for their depiction of death, evil, and unhappiness.<a href="#cite_note-rasna-2">[2]</a>

Because the tomb was built in two sections at two stages, it is sometimes referred to as the Tombs of Orcus I and II; it is believed to have belonged to the Murina family, an offshoot of the <a href="Etruscan_society" title="Etruscan society">Etruscan</a> <a href="Spurinnia_gens" title="Spurinnia gens">Spurinnae</a>. The foundation is inscribed with the following inscription:

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</style><blockquote class="templatequote">LARΘIALE HVLΧNIESI MARCESIC CALIAΘESI MVNSLE NACNVAIASI ΘAMCE LE…<a href="#cite_note-kilday-3">[3]</a></blockquote>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

Orcus I was built between 470 and 450 BC (perhaps by a man named Leive; see below);<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> a separate <a href="Hypogeum" title="Hypogeum">hypogeum</a>, Orcus II, was built c. 325 BC. At some point in antiquity the wall between the two was removed, creating a large tomb with two <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dromos" class="extiw external" title="wikt:dromos">dromes</a> (entrances).<a href="#cite_note-uff-5">[5]</a>

The tomb was excavated in 1868 by an officer of the <a href="French_Army" title="French Army">French Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wolf-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Upon its discovery, the excavator mistook the painting of a cyclops for the Roman god <a href="Orcus" title="Orcus">Orcus</a> (see below), hence the name "Tomb of Orcus". The <a href="Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> name (Tomba dell'Orco) can also mean "Tomb of the Ogre", and it is used that way in <a href="Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> today.

The second tomb has never been fully excavated.<a href="#cite_note-wolf-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Murals">Murals</h2></div>

Though most of the walls are muraled, the artists did not complete the ceiling.<a href="#cite_note-rasna-2">[2]</a> A scientific analysis in 2001 revealed that the paint used contained <a href="Cinnabar" title="Cinnabar">cinnabar</a>, <a href="Red_ochre" class="mw-redirect" title="Red ochre">ochre</a>, <a href="Orpiment" title="Orpiment">orpiment</a>, <a href="Calcite" title="Calcite">calcite</a>, <a href="Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, and <a href="Egyptian_blue" title="Egyptian blue">Egyptian blue</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> While the artwork in Orcus I is highly praised (particularly the painting of Velia Velcha; see below), some of the artwork of Orcus II is considered poorly done.<a href="#cite_note-rasna-2">[2]</a>

It is likely that the French excavators of the tomb tried to remove some of the murals for exhibition in the <a href="Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>, which resulted in significant deterioration.<a href="#cite_note-wolf-6">[6]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orcus_I">Orcus I</h3></div>

The Tomb of Orcus I (also known as the Tomb of Velcha) was constructed between 470 and 450 BC. The main and right walls depict a banquet, believed to be the Spurinnae after their death in the <a href="Battle_of_Syracuse_(415_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Syracuse (415 BC)">Battle of Syracuse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rasna-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The banqueters are surrounded by demons who serve as cupbearers.

One of the banqueters is a <a href="Noblewoman" title="Noblewoman">noblewoman</a> named Velia Velcha (or by some interpretations, Velia Spurinna), whose portrait has been called the "<a href="Mona_Lisa" title="Mona Lisa">Mona Lisa</a> of <a href="Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">antiquity</a>".<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Her realistic profile (especially her eye) bears the influence of <a href="Hellenistic_art" title="Hellenistic art">Hellenistic</a> art.<a href="#cite_note-rasna-2">[2]</a> Unlike the Mona Lisa, however, she is noted for her <a href="Facial_expression" title="Facial expression">grimace</a> or <a href="Sneer" title="Sneer">sneer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rasna-2">[2]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orcus_II">Orcus II</h3></div>

The Tomb of Orcus II (sometimes distinguished as the Tomb of Orcus) was constructed around 325 BC. Its entrance is guarded by paintings of "<a href="Charun" title="Charun">Charun</a>" (<a href="Charon_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charon (mythology)">Charon</a>), the keeper of the <a href="Underworld" title="Underworld">underworld</a>, and a <a href="Cyclops" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclops">cyclops</a> (possibly <a href="Polyphemus" title="Polyphemus">Polyphemus</a> or <a href="Geryon" title="Geryon">Geryon</a>).<a href="#cite_note-rasna-2">[2]</a> When the tomb was originally discovered, the cyclops was mistaken for the Roman god of the underworld, <a href="Orcus" title="Orcus">Orcus</a> (hence the tomb's name).<a href="#cite_note-rasna-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-uff-5">[5]</a>

The back wall depicts a funeral procession overseen by "<a href="Aita" title="Aita">Aita</a>" (<a href="Hades" title="Hades">Hades</a>), the Etruscan god of the underworld, and his wife "Phersipnei" (<a href="Persephone" title="Persephone">Persephone</a>). The left wall is believed to depict <a href="Agamemnon" title="Agamemnon">Agamemnon</a>, <a href="Tiresias" title="Tiresias">Tiresias</a>, and <a href="Ajax_the_Great" title="Ajax the Great">Ajax</a> in the underworld.

"These" (<a href="Theseus" title="Theseus">Theseus</a>) and the Etruscan equivalent of <a href="Pirithous" title="Pirithous">Pirithous</a> are seated at a table on the right wall, playing a <a href="Board_game" title="Board game">board game</a>, where they are threatened by the Etruscan <a href="Daemon_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daemon (mythology)">demon</a> "<a href="Tuchulcha" title="Tuchulcha">Tuchulcha</a>", who is pictured with pointed ears, a hairy face, and a hooked beak, wielding snakes in his hands. The tomb is unique in that it bears the only known historical portrayal of this demon.<a href="#cite_note-grumm-1">[1]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inscription">Inscription</h2></div>

An inscription in the foundation of the tomb<a href="#cite_note-p-13">[13]</a> reads as follows:

LARΘIALE HVLΧNIESI MARCESIC CALIAΘESI MVNSLE NACNVAIASI ΘAMCE LE…</blockquote>

This has come to be understood as:<a href="#cite_note-kilday-3">[3]</a>

Larthiale Hulchniesi Marcesi-c Caliathesi munisule nacnvaiasi thamuce Le…</blockquote>

The names "Larthiale Hulchniesi" and "Marcesi[c] Caliathesi" are in the <a href="Dative_case" title="Dative case">dative case</a>, and thus mean "for/to Larth Hulchnie" and "for/to Marce *Caliathe" respectively; "nacnvaiasi" is also dative, from the <a href="Etruscan_language" title="Etruscan language">Etruscan</a> noun nacnvaia, "those who come next" (i.e., posterity);<a href="#cite_note-gloss-14">[14]</a> the noun "mun[i]s[u]le" refers to any underground monument (and not exclusively to tombs);<a href="#cite_note-gloss-14">[14]</a> the verb "tham[u]ce" means "established"; the final "Le…" is the Etruscan letters LE clipped off, though a portion of the next letter is visible, sometimes interpreted as an "i"; the entire name "Leive" has been suggested.<a href="#cite_note-p-13">[13]</a>

The phrase then translates:

Le[ive] erected this monument to Larth Hulchnie and Marce Caliathe for posterity.<a href="#cite_note-gordon-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-bonf-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-prob-17">[17]</a>

</blockquote>

Larth Hulchnie is believed to have been the <a href="Magistrate" title="Magistrate">magistrate</a> of <a href="Tarquinia" title="Tarquinia">Tarquinia</a> in the 4th century BC, and Marce Caliathe is believed to have been his "representative".<a href="#cite_note-p-13">[13]</a>

Whether the transcription means, however, that Larth Hulchnie and Marce Caliathe were buried in the tomb is debated, especially since they were no Spurinnae; most scholars believe that the monument was simply dedicated to the magistrates.<a href="#cite_note-p-13">[13]</a> The Etruscologists <a href="Giuliano_Bonfante" title="Giuliano Bonfante">Giuliano</a> and <a href="Larissa_Bonfante" title="Larissa Bonfante">Larissa Bonfante</a> have suggested that the passage is incomplete and would have originally specified "during the magistracy" of Hulchnie and Caliathe<a href="#cite_note-p-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-bonf-16">[16]</a> (confer zilci Velusi Hulchniesi, "during the magistracy of Velu Hulchnie", found elsewhere in the tomb).<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> According to this interpretation, the phrase would translate:

Le[ive] erected this monument for posterity [during the magistracy] of Larth Hulchnie and Marce Caliathe.

</blockquote>

"Marce" is probably a <a href="Cognate_(etymology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognate (etymology)">cognate</a> or preform of "<a href="Marcus_(name)" title="Marcus (name)">Marcus</a>". "Hulchnie" is generally interpreted as the <a href="Latin" title="Latin">Roman</a> <a href="Gens" title="Gens">gens</a> "<a href="Gaius_Fulcinius" title="Gaius Fulcinius">Fulcinius</a>", and "Larth" is believed to be akin to the <a href="Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> name "<a href="Laertes_(father_of_Odysseus)" title="Laertes (father of Odysseus)">Laertēs</a>";<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> some have suggested that Larth Hulchnie means "Hulchnie, son of Larth".<a href="#cite_note-prob-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFIgnacio-J._Adiego" class="citation web cs1">Ignacio-J. Adiego. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050901152800/http://www.ub.es/ipoa/Observaciones%20sobre%20el%20plural%20en%20etrusco%20.pdf">"Observaciones sobre el plural en etrusco"</a> (PDF). University of Barcelona. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ub.es/ipoa/Observaciones%20sobre%20el%20plural%20en%20etrusco%20.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on September 1, 2005. Retrieved November 23, 2008.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFDouglas_G._Kilday2001" class="citation web cs1">Douglas G. Kilday (February 18, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120604004113/http://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0102&L=indo-european&P=12683">"Etruscans"</a>. The Indo-European Mailing List. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0102&L=indo-european&P=12683">the original</a> on June 4, 2012. Retrieved November 23, 2008.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAngelo_Di_Mario2007" class="citation web cs1">Angelo Di Mario (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etruschi-tirseni-velsini.it/docs/filios_metodo.htm">"La lingua degli Etruschi"</a>. Etruschi Tirseni Velsini. Retrieved November 23, 2008.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090217214749/http://users.otenet.gr/~sarbonne/stelelemnos.htm">"La stèle de Lemnos"</a>. Et ego in Arcadia…. September 15, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.otenet.gr/~sarbonne/stelelemnos.htm">the original</a> on February 17, 2009. Retrieved November 23, 2008.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tomba_dell%E2%80%99Orco_(Tarquinia)" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Tomba dell’Orco (Tarquinia)">Tomba dell’Orco (Tarquinia)</a>.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canino.info/inserti/monografie/etruschi/tombe_tarquinia/Orco/index.htm">Official website of the Tomb of Orcus</a> (in Italian)</li></ul>

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</style><div id="Etruscan_civilization337" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan civilization</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="Etruscan_history" title="Etruscan history">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Etruscan_origins" title="Etruscan origins">Origins</a></li>

<li><a href="Villanovan_culture" title="Villanovan culture">Villanovan culture</a></li>

<li><a href="Padanian_Etruria" title="Padanian Etruria">Padanian Etruria</a></li>

<li><a href="Founding_of_Rome" title="Founding of Rome">Founding of Rome</a></li>

<li><a href="Tyrrhenus" title="Tyrrhenus">Tyrrhenus</a></li>

<li><a href="Tyrrhenians" title="Tyrrhenians">Tyrrhenians</a></li>

<li><a href="Tarchon" title="Tarchon">Tarchon</a></li>

<li><a href="Aulus_Vibenna" title="Aulus Vibenna">Aulus Vibenna</a></li>

<li><a href="Caelius_Vibenna" title="Caelius Vibenna">Caelius Vibenna</a></li>

<li><a href="Capys" title="Capys">Capys</a></li>

<li><a href="Lucius_Tarquinius_Priscus" title="Lucius Tarquinius Priscus">Lucius Tarquinius Priscus</a></li>

<li><a href="Tanaquil" title="Tanaquil">Tanaquil</a></li>

<li><a href="Servius_Tullius" title="Servius Tullius">Servius Tullius</a></li>

<li><a href="Lucius_Tarquinius_Superbus" title="Lucius Tarquinius Superbus">Lucius Tarquinius Superbus</a></li>

<li><a href="Arruns_Tarquinius_(son_of_Tarquin_the_Proud)" title="Arruns Tarquinius (son of Tarquin the Proud)">Arruns Tarquinius (son of Tarquin the Proud)</a></li>

<li><a href="Lars_Porsena" title="Lars Porsena">Lars Porsena</a></li>

<li><a href="Lars_Tolumnius" title="Lars Tolumnius">Lars Tolumnius</a></li>

<li><a href="Titus_Vestricius_Spurinna" title="Titus Vestricius Spurinna">Titus Vestricius Spurinna</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="Etruscan_civilization#Culture" title="Etruscan civilization">Culture</a> and <a href="Etruscan_society" title="Etruscan society">society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Apollo_of_Veii" title="Apollo of Veii">Apollo of Veii</a></li>

<li><a href="Etruscan_architecture" title="Etruscan architecture">Architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Chimera_of_Arezzo" title="Chimera of Arezzo">Chimera of Arezzo</a></li>

<li><a href="Etruscan_coins" title="Etruscan coins">Coins</a></li>

<li><a href="Corpus_Speculorum_Etruscorum" title="Corpus Speculorum Etruscorum">Corpus Speculorum Etruscorum</a></li>

<li><a href="Etruscan_civilization#Etruscan_League" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan League</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Etruscan_names_for_Greek_heroes" title="List of Etruscan names for Greek heroes">Etruscan names for Greek heroes</a></li>

<li><a href="Tiburtine_Sibyl" title="Tiburtine Sibyl">Tiburtine Sibyl</a></li>

<li><a href="Fanum_Voltumnae" title="Fanum Voltumnae">Fanum Voltumnae</a></li>

<li><a href="Haruspex" title="Haruspex">Haruspex/Extispicy</a></li>

<li><a href="Etruscan_jewelry" title="Etruscan jewelry">Jewelry</a></li>

<li><a href="Lausus" title="Lausus">Lausus</a></li>

<li><a href="Liver_of_Piacenza" title="Liver of Piacenza">Liver of Piacenza</a></li>

<li><a href="Mezentius" title="Mezentius">Mezentius</a></li>

<li><a href="Monterozzi_necropolis" title="Monterozzi necropolis">Monterozzi necropolis</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Etruscan_mythological_figures" title="List of Etruscan mythological figures">Mythological figures</a></li>

<li><a href="Persius" title="Persius">Persius</a></li>

<li><a href="Poppilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Poppilia">Poppilia</a></li>

<li><a href="Raeti" class="mw-redirect" title="Raeti">Raeti</a></li>

<li><a href="Etruscan_religion" title="Etruscan religion">Religion</a></li>

<li><a href="Sarcophagus_of_the_Spouses" title="Sarcophagus of the Spouses">Sarcophagus of the Spouses</a></li>

<li><a href="Tages" title="Tages">Tages</a></li>

<li><a href="Etruscan_terracotta_warriors" title="Etruscan terracotta warriors">Terracotta warriors</a></li>

<li><a href="Titus_Larcius" title="Titus Larcius">Titus Larcius</a></li>

<li><a href="Tomb_of_the_Roaring_Lions" title="Tomb of the Roaring Lions">Tomb of the Roaring Lions</a></li>

<li><a href="Vegoia" title="Vegoia">Vegoia</a></li>

<li><a href="Vulca" title="Vulca">Vulca</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="Etruscan_military_history" title="Etruscan military history">Military history</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Battle_of_Alalia" title="Battle of Alalia">Battle of Alalia (540 BC–535 BC)</a></li>

<li><a href="Siege_of_Rome_(509_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Rome (509 BC)">Siege of Rome (509 BC)</a></li>

<li><a href="Siege_of_Rome_(508_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Rome (508 BC)">Siege of Rome (508 BC)</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_the_Cremera" title="Battle of the Cremera">Battle of the Cremera (477 BC)</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Cumae" title="Battle of Cumae">Battle of Cumae (474 BC)</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Fidenae_(437_BC)" title="Battle of Fidenae (437 BC)">Battle of Fidenae (437 BC)</a></li>

<li><a href="Capture_of_Fidenae_(435_BC)" title="Capture of Fidenae (435 BC)">Capture of Fidenae (435 BC)</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Veii" title="Battle of Veii">Battle of Veii (c. 396 BC)</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Lake_Vadimo_(310_BC)" title="Battle of Lake Vadimo (310 BC)">Battle of Lake Vadimo (310 BC)</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Populonia" title="Battle of Populonia">Battle of Populonia (282 BC)</a></li>

<li><a href="Roman-Etruscan_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman-Etruscan Wars">Roman-Etruscan Wars</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="Etruscan_language" title="Etruscan language">Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Etruscan_alphabet" title="Etruscan alphabet">Alphabet</a></li>

<li><a href="Cippus_Perusinus" title="Cippus Perusinus">Cippus Perusinus</a></li>

<li><a href="Corpus_Inscriptionum_Etruscarum" title="Corpus Inscriptionum Etruscarum">Corpus Inscriptionum Etruscarum</a></li>

<li><a href="Liber_Linteus" title="Liber Linteus">Liber Linteus</a></li>

<li><a href="Pyrgi_Tablets" title="Pyrgi Tablets">Pyrgi Tablets</a></li>

<li><a href="Raetic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Raetic language">Raetic language</a></li>

<li><a href="Lemnian_language" title="Lemnian language">Lemnian language</a></li>

<li><a href="Tabula_Capuana" title="Tabula Capuana">Tabula Capuana</a></li>

<li><a href="Tabula_Cortonensis" title="Tabula Cortonensis">Tabula Cortonensis</a></li>

<li><a href="Tyrsenian_languages" title="Tyrsenian languages">Tyrsenian languages</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_English_words_of_Etruscan_origin" title="List of English words of Etruscan origin">English words of Etruscan origin</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="Archeology" class="mw-redirect" title="Archeology">Archeology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bucchero" title="Bucchero">Bucchero</a></li>

<li><a href="Cuniculi" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuniculi">Cuniculi</a></li>

<li><a href="Etruscology" title="Etruscology">Etruscology</a></li>

<li><a href="Impasto_(pottery)" title="Impasto (pottery)">Impasto (pottery)</a></li>

<li><a href="Monteleone_Chariot" class="mw-redirect" title="Monteleone Chariot">Monteleone Chariot</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Etruscan_Museum" title="National Etruscan Museum">National Etruscan Museum</a></li>

<li><a href="Negau_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Negau helmet">Negau helmet</a></li>

<li><a href="Portonaccio" title="Portonaccio">Portonaccio</a></li>

<li><a href="Tarquinia_National_Museum" title="Tarquinia National Museum">Tarquinia National Museum</a></li>

<li><a href="Tumulus_of_Montefortini" title="Tumulus of Montefortini">Tumulus of Montefortini</a></li>

<li><a href="Vicus_Tuscus" title="Vicus Tuscus">Vicus Tuscus</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="Etruscan_cities" title="Etruscan cities">Key sites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Acquarossa%2C_Italy" title="Acquarossa, Italy">Acquarossa</a></li>

<li><a href="Adria" title="Adria">Adria</a></li>

<li><a href="Al%C3%A9ria" title="Aléria">Aleria</a></li>

<li><a href="Baratti_(town)" title="Baratti (town)">Baratti</a></li>

<li><a href="Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a></li>

<li><a href="Caere" title="Caere">Caere</a></li>

<li><a href="Cerveteri" title="Cerveteri">Cerveteri</a></li>

<li><a href="Civita_di_Bagnoregio" title="Civita di Bagnoregio">Civita di Bagnoregio</a></li>

<li><a href="Clusium" title="Clusium">Clusium</a></li>

<li><a href="Cumae" title="Cumae">Cumae</a></li>

<li><a href="Etruria" title="Etruria">Etruria</a></li>

<li><a href="Falerii" title="Falerii">Falerii</a></li>

<li><a href="Fescennia" title="Fescennia">Fescennia</a></li>

<li><a href="Fidenae" title="Fidenae">Fidenae</a></li>

<li><a href="Norchia" title="Norchia">Norchia</a></li>

<li><a href="Orvieto" title="Orvieto">Orvieto</a></li>

<li><a href="Perusia" title="Perusia">Perusia</a></li>

<li><a href="Poggio_Colla" title="Poggio Colla">Poggio Colla</a></li>

<li><a href="Populonia" title="Populonia">Populonia</a></li>

<li><a href="Pyrgi" title="Pyrgi">Pyrgi</a></li>

<li><a href="Rusellae" title="Rusellae">Rusellae</a></li>

<li><a href="San_Giovenale" title="San Giovenale">San Giovenale</a></li>

<li><a href="Spina" title="Spina">Spina</a></li>

<li><a href="Tarquinia" title="Tarquinia">Tarquinia</a></li>

<li><a href="Tuscania" title="Tuscania">Tuscania</a></li>

<li><a href="Vetulonia" title="Vetulonia">Vetulonia</a></li>

<li><a href="Volsinii" title="Volsinii">Volsinii</a></li>

<li><a href="Volterra" title="Volterra">Volterra</a></li>

<li><a href="Vulci" title="Vulci">Vulci</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <a href="Portal%3AItaly" title="Portal:Italy">Portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q946563#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata495" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q946563#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata495" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/6596147270385035700009">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/7746446-1">Germany</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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</style><a class="external text" href="geo:42.24666666666667,11.780000000000001">42°14′48″N 11°46′48″E / 42.24667°N 11.78000°E / 42.24667; 11.78000</a>

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